HEATS 发表于 2010-9-11 22:01:26

提高触发式测头使用精度的研究

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<P align=left>一、概 述</P>
<P align=left><STRONG>  </STRONG>触发式测头是广泛应用于多种测量领域的精密测量工具,其典型代表产品有英国<FONT face="Times New Roman">RENI-<BR>SHAW</FONT>公司的<FONT face="Times New Roman">TP2-5</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">TP1</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">MP3</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">MP4</FONT>等,国内成都工具研究所等单位也生产此类产品。与其它类型的测头相比,触发式测头具有结构简单、测量可靠、使用方便、不易损坏、体积小、寿命长、成本低等优点,其测量灵敏度可高达<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">01</FONT> μ<FONT face="Times New Roman">m</FONT>以上,测量重复性(<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT><EM>σ</EM>)一般为<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">35</FONT>~<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>μ<FONT face="Times New Roman">m</FONT>。但此类测头存在较大的不灵敏域误差<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">R</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>(通常<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">R</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>~<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>μ<FONT face="Times New Roman">m</FONT>),如不剔除,将对其使用精度造成较大影响。本文基于触发式测头的工作原理,对<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">R</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>的产生机理及<FONT face="Times New Roman">R</FONT><SUB>?</SUB>中包含的两项主要误差分量——弹性变形误差<EM>δ</EM><SUB>φ</SUB>和换向回位误差<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">e</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>进行了试验分析。由于弹性变形误差<EM>δ</EM><SUB>φ</SUB>业已引起人们重视并已有消除方法,因此本文重点探讨换向回位误差<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">e</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>的特性,并提出一种消除<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">e</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>的有效方法——两次触测法。<STRONG></P>
<P align=left>二、不灵敏域误差<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">R</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>的产生机理</STRONG></P>
<P align=left><STRONG>  </STRONG>触发式测头的触测发讯机构(见图<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>)的主体是带有三个<FONT face="Times New Roman">120°</FONT>均布定位柱的摆体,它在压力弹簧作用下定位于<FONT face="Times New Roman">120°</FONT>均布的三对刚性支承球上,当测球与被测工件接触时,定位柱与六个支承球接触点中的一个(或多个)打开,并随机发送出一个信号,该信号即确定了测球与被测工件的接触位置。这种机构称为三点自准回零位机构,其特点是当测球沿不同方向触测工件时,会产生呈三瓣叶形函数分布的触测力。在这种变化的触测力作用下,如果机构制造精确,零件完全为刚性连接,在没有摩擦力和弹性滞后影响的理想条件下,是可以保证每次回位位置的重复性的,也不会产生不灵敏域误差<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">R</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>,但实际测量条件不可能达到理想状态,当测球沿不同方向触测工件时,不仅会产生呈三瓣叶形函数分布变化的弹性变形误差<EM>δ</EM><SUB>φ</SUB>,同时还会因回位位置不同产生换向回位误差<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">e</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>,即会产生由<EM>δ</EM><SUB>φ</SUB>和<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">e</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>构成的不灵敏域误差<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">R</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>,如图<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>中虚线所示部分。</P>
<P align=center><IMG src="http://www.chmcw.com/upload/news/RCL/13220_nt0jcx2008414142820.gif"></P>
<P align=center><STRONG>图<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT> 三点自准回零位机构</STRONG></P>
<P align=center><IMG src="http://www.chmcw.com/upload/news/RCL/13220_vy45qk2008414142833.gif"></P>
<P align=center><STRONG>图<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT> 不灵敏域误差矢量图</STRONG></P>
<P align=left>  为进一步说明<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">R</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>的产生机理,下面分别对触测力的变化、<EM>δ</EM><SUB>φ</SUB>和<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">e</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>的产生作详细分析。<BR>  <STRONG><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.触测力变化的分析</STRONG><BR>  当测球沿不同方向触碰工件时,测力<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">G</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>可分解为垂直分量<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">W</FONT></EM>和水平分量<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">F</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>。为便于分析,这里将<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">F</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>称为触测力,它是产生弹性变形误差<EM>δ</EM><SUB>φ</SUB>和换向回位误差<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">e</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>的主要根源。如图<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>所示,<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">F</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>对水平面上的三个支承点<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">a</FONT></EM>,<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">b</FONT></EM>,<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">c</FONT></EM>均有可能构成正交的垂直和水平力矩,当该力矩大于由压力<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">P</FONT></EM>构成的相应反力矩时,某一定位柱就会与支承球的六个接触点中的一个(或多个)接触点脱开。如按图<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>所示的<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">F</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>方向触碰工件,<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">b</FONT></EM>点将绕<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">a</FONT></EM>,<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">c</FONT></EM>两点同时作垂直和水平转动,即摆体受交变力矩<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>M</EM><SUB>ba</SUB></FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>M</EM><SUB>bc</SUB></FONT>的作用,在空间作非线性转动,并一直转动到垂直和水平分力矩达到平衡时才停止在空间某一位置。可见,当测球沿不同方向触碰工件时,转动摆体中心点<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">O</FONT></EM>(即测头静止时的零位)所需的垂直力矩分量<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>M</EM><SUB>bav</SUB></FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>M</EM><SUB>bcv</SUB></FONT>和水平力矩分量<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>M</EM><SUB>ba1</SUB></FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>M</EM><SUB>bc1</SUB></FONT>的大小和方向是不同的,因而用于产生并平衡这些力矩的触测外力矩的大小和方向也不相同,即不同的触测方向对应于不同的<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">F</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>值。不同的<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">F</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>值可通过力矩系的平衡条件求得,因三个支承点按等腰三角形分布,故只需求出<FONT face="Times New Roman">0°</FONT>≤<EM>φ</EM>≤<FONT face="Times New Roman">120°</FONT>(<EM>φ</EM>为触测方向角)触测区的<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">F</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>变化值,即可代表<FONT face="Times New Roman">0°</FONT>≤<EM>φ</EM>≤<FONT face="Times New Roman">360°</FONT>触测区间的<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">F</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>变化值。为便于求解,可分为两个小区间分别计算。</P>
<P align=center><IMG src="http://www.chmcw.com/upload/news/RCL/13220_kdp8it200841414296.gif"> <IMG src="http://www.chmcw.com/upload/news/RCL/13220_g0zomb2008414142924.gif"></P>
<P align=center><STRONG>图<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT> 力和力矩变化矢量图</STRONG></P>
<P align=left>  (<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>)<FONT face="Times New Roman">30°</FONT>≤<EM>φ</EM>≤<FONT face="Times New Roman">60°</FONT>区间<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">F</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>值的计算<BR>  该区间<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">F</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>值的计算方法也适用于<FONT face="Times New Roman">60°</FONT>≤<EM>φ</EM>≤<FONT face="Times New Roman">90°</FONT>区间,因二者为镜面函数关系。<BR>  设测球中心到<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">abc</FONT></EM>平面的垂直距离为<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">L</FONT></EM>,通过<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">F</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>和中心<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">O</FONT></EM>点的垂直平面内的触测力矩为<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">F</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB><FONT face="Times New Roman">×<EM>L</EM></FONT>,<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">b</FONT></EM>点为转动脱开点并忽略其它因素的影响,根据图<FONT face="Times New Roman">3a</FONT>所示力和力矩变化矢量图,垂直转动力矩方程为</P>
<P align=left><EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">F</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB><FONT face="Times New Roman">×<EM>L</EM></FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>M</EM><SUB>bc</SUB>cos</FONT><EM>α</EM>+<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>M</EM><SUB>ba</SUB>cos</FONT><EM>β</EM>   (<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>)</P>
<P align=left>水平转动力矩方程为</P>
<P align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>M</EM><SUB>bc</SUB>sin</FONT><EM>α</EM>-<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>M</EM><SUB>ba</SUB>sin</FONT><EM>β</EM>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>   (<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>)</P>
<P align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>M</EM><SUB>bc</SUB></FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>P</EM><SUB>bc</SUB>×bc</FONT>   (<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>)</P>
<P align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>M</EM><SUB>ba</SUB></FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>P</EM><SUB>ba</SUB>×ba</FONT>   (<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>)</P>
<P align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>P</EM><SUB>bc</SUB></FONT>+<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>P</EM><SUB>ba</SUB></FONT>=<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">P</FONT></EM>/<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>   (<FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT>)</P>
<P align=left>式中 <EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">P</FONT></EM>——弹簧压力,为摆体和测杆重力之和<BR>   <EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">bc</FONT></EM>=<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">ba</FONT></EM>=<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">ac</FONT></EM>=<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>S</EM><BR></FONT>     <EM>α</EM>=<EM>φ</EM>-<FONT face="Times New Roman">30°</FONT>,<EM>β</EM>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">90°</FONT>-<EM>φ</EM><BR>取力矩分配系数<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">Z</FONT></EM>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">sin</FONT><EM>β</EM>/<FONT face="Times New Roman">sin</FONT><EM>α</EM>,式(<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>)~(<FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT>)联立并代换求解得</P><IMG src="http://www.chmcw.com/upload/news/RCL/13220_cztkwk200841414308.gif">   (<FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT>)
<P align=left>  (<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>)<FONT face="Times New Roman">0°</FONT>≤<EM>φ</EM>≤<FONT face="Times New Roman">30°</FONT>区间<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">F</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>值的计算<BR>  该区间<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">F</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>值的计算方法也适用于<FONT face="Times New Roman">90°</FONT>≤<EM>φ</EM>≤<FONT face="Times New Roman">120°</FONT>区间(理由同上)。<BR>  根据图<FONT face="Times New Roman">3b</FONT>所示力和力矩变化矢量图,垂直转动力矩方程为</P>
<P align=left><EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">F</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB><FONT face="Times New Roman">×<EM>L</EM></FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>M</EM><SUB>bc</SUB>cos</FONT><EM>α</EM>+<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>M</EM><SUB>ba</SUB>cos</FONT><EM>β</EM>                 </P>
<P align=left>在此区间,<EM>α</EM>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">30°</FONT>-<EM>φ</EM>,<EM>β</EM>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">90°</FONT>-<EM>φ</EM>,即水平力矩分量方向相反,因此水平转动力矩方程为</P>
<P align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>M</EM><SUB>bc</SUB>sin</FONT><EM>α</EM>+<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>M</EM><SUB>ba</SUB>sin</FONT><EM>β</EM>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">0   </FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT>)</P>
<P align=left>取力矩分配系数<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">H</FONT></EM>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">sin</FONT><EM>β</EM>/<FONT face="Times New Roman">sin</FONT><EM>α</EM>,按上述方法推导可得</P><IMG src="http://www.chmcw.com/upload/news/RCL/13220_cychd52008414143034.gif">  (<FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT>)
<P align=left>将<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">H</FONT></EM>=-<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">Z</FONT></EM>代入式(<FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT>),便可导出在<FONT face="Times New Roman">0°</FONT>≤<EM>φ</EM>≤<FONT face="Times New Roman">120°</FONT>区间计算<FONT face="Times New Roman">F</FONT><SUB><EM>φ</EM></SUB>值的通式为</P>
<P align=left><EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">F</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>=<IMG src="http://www.chmcw.com/upload/news/RCL/13220_ph19cp2008414143051.gif"><FONT face="Times New Roman">PS</FONT>/<FONT face="Times New Roman">6<EM>L</EM>cos</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">60°</FONT>-<EM>φ</EM>)   (<FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT>)</P>
<P align=left>  可以看出,式(<FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT>)为一个三瓣叶形函数,当测球沿不同方向触碰工件时,触测力<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">F</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>将按这种函数关系变化,见图<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>。</P>
<P align=center><IMG src="http://www.chmcw.com/upload/news/RCL/13220_gptqse2008414143133.gif"></P>
<P align=center><STRONG>图<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT> 触测力变化矢量图</STRONG></P>
<P align=left>  <STRONG><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>.弹性变形误差δ<SUB>φ</SUB>的分析</STRONG><BR>  <EM>δ</EM><SUB>φ</SUB>是由触测机构的弹性变形引起的,当测球刚与工件接触时,由于存在弹性变形,测头不会立即发出接触位置检测信号,而是要延迟一小段时间才会发讯,对应这一小段时间的测头位移量称为弹性变形误差<EM>δ</EM><SUB>φ</SUB>(参见图<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>)。可见,由<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">F</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>引起的<EM>δ</EM><SUB>φ</SUB>为</P>
<P align=left><EM>δ</EM><SUB>φ</SUB>=<IMG height=16 alt="g22.gif (137 bytes)" src="http://www.chmcw.com/upload/news/RCL/13220_foralbg22.gif" width=18><FONT face="Times New Roman">PS</FONT>/<FONT face="Times New Roman">6<EM>LK</EM>cos</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">60°</FONT>-<EM>φ</EM>)   (<FONT face="Times New Roman">11</FONT>)</P>
<P align=left>式中 <EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">K</FONT></EM>——等效刚度<BR>  分析(<FONT face="Times New Roman">11</FONT>)式可知,<EM>δ</EM><SUB>φ</SUB>为一系统误差,测头一经制造好后,<EM>δ</EM><SUB>φ</SUB>的大小就只随<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">F</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>的大小按三瓣叶形函数关系变化,其方向与触测方向相同。显然,<EM>δ</EM><SUB>φ</SUB>完全可以通过用标准圆球等进行相对标定而加以剔除,在测量时不会引入误差。<BR>  <STRONG><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>.</STRONG>换向回位误差<EM>θ</EM><SUB>φ</SUB>的分析<BR>  由图<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>可以看出,三点自准回零位机构检测参考回位位置的确定是靠回位达到静止时力系的平衡来实现的,故每次触测后,需要保持相同的力平衡条件,才能保证每次回位位置的重复性。从理论上讲,在理想状态条件下,三点自准回零位机构在水平面内具有互补自准对中回位特性,即摆体可在水平面内转位而不影响其对中回位,但实际上机构很难达到满足互补自准对中回位特性所需的理想状态条件。就触测力而言,其大小和方向按三瓣叶形函数关系变化,即不同的触测方向有不同的力系平衡条件。例如,当测球触碰工件时,触测力是变化的,并使摆体作二维空间的非线性转动。假设以<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">b</FONT></EM>点为脱开点(见图<FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT>),<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">b</FONT></EM>点处的定位柱也同步地由<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">b</FONT></EM>点滑变到<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>b</EM><SUB>i</SUB></FONT>点脱开,此时摆体只是按该方向上触测力形成的两个正交力矩系进行平衡,平衡后停止在空间某一位置。可见,每一触测方向都有对应的力系平衡条件和空间平衡位置。当测球刚刚离开工件返回时,摆体在压力<FONT face="Times New Roman">P</FONT>作用下,也从因不同触测方向形成的不同空间平衡位置返回其静止回位位置,此时的恢复力矩与触测力矩相反,其变化过程仍然是非线性的力矩平衡过程。可见,当触测方向不同时,不仅力矩恢复条件不同,回位起始位置也不同,并在回位过程中使定位柱与支承球之间具有不同的进入接触斜率<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>k</EM><SUB>1</SUB></FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>k</EM><SUB>2</SUB></FONT>,…,<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>k</EM><SUB>0</SUB></FONT>,从而引起不同的回位摩擦阻力和弹性滞后效应。此外,由于机构制造误差(如定位柱<FONT face="Times New Roman">120°</FONT>分度不准确)以及压力弹簧支点游隙等影响的存在,也很难满足互补自准对中回位特性的条件。综上所述,由于每次换向触测的回位位置几乎都不相同,就产生了换向前后两次触测的回位位置径向变差,我们称这种变差为换向回位误差<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">e</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>(如图<FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT>所示)。对<FONT face="Times New Roman">TP2-5</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">TP1</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">MP3</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">MP4</FONT>四种触发式测头的检测试验结果表明,这项随机性固有误差在测量误差中所占比例相当大。表<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>所列为对<FONT face="Times New Roman">TP2-5</FONT>测头进行检测试验的测量数据。</P>
<P align=center><IMG src="http://www.chmcw.com/upload/news/RCL/13220_ky3m05200841414327.gif"></P>
<P align=center><STRONG>图<FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT> 六点自准回零位状态图</STRONG></P>
<P align=center><IMG src="http://www.chmcw.com/upload/news/RCL/13220_oxzrjx2008414143215.gif"></P>
<P align=center><STRONG>图<FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT> 不同触测方向的回位变化矢量图</STRONG></P><STRONG>
<P align=center>表<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT> <FONT face="Times New Roman">TP2-5</FONT>测头测量数据</STRONG></P>
<CENTER>
<TABLE border=1>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD align=middle rowSpan=2><FONT size=2>测量<BR>次数</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle colSpan=6><FONT size=2>测量值(<EM>μ</EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">m</FONT>)</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>0°</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>60°</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>120°</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>180°</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>240°</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>300°</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>1</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>2</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>3</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>4</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>5</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>6</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>7</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>8</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>9</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>10</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>~<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>变差值</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>0</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>0</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>~</FONT><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">10<BR></FONT>变差值</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></CENTER>
<P>
<TABLE width="90%" border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD><FONT face="Times New Roman"><BR></FONT><FONT size=2>  从表<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>可看出,换向后第<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>次与第<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>次触测的测量值之差(变差)与第<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>次到第<FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT>次的测量值之差为同一数量级。为进一步分析换向触测引起的换向回位误差<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">e</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>的大小程度,根据换向触测会引起触测力变化这一特点,我们又对换向时的接触电阻变化作了试验。为使测量结果更为明显,选用了测力较大的<FONT face="Times New Roman">MP3</FONT>测头作为试验对象,试验结果列于表<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>(其中包含用户读数仪表首次读数引起的变差)。从表<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>可看出,换向后第<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>次与第<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>次触测的电阻值相差很大,与第<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>次到第<FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT>次的测量值之差为同一数量级。两种试验结果的吻合说明换向回位误差<FONT face="Times New Roman">e</FONT><SUB>φ</SUB>的影响不容忽视。</FONT><STRONG><FONT size=2> </FONT>
<P align=center><FONT size=2>表<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT> <FONT face="Times New Roman">MP3</FONT>测头接触电阻测量数据</FONT></STRONG></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></P>
<CENTER>
<TABLE border=1>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD align=middle rowSpan=2><FONT size=2>测量<BR>次数</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle colSpan=6><FONT size=2>接触电阻测量值(Ω)</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>0°</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>60°</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>120°</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>180°</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>240°</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>300°</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>1</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>2</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">30</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">30</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">25</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">29</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">35</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">18</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>3</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">28</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">28</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">23</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">28</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">31</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">17</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>4</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">26</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">26</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">21</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">25</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">28</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">33</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>5</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">29</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">24</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">21</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">23</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">29</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>6</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">22</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">22</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">18</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">21</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">27</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>7</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">21</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">42</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">30</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">25</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>8</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">18</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">38</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">17</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">23</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>9</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">22</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">18</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">32</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">33</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">21</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=2>10</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">35</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">40</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">26</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">28</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">29</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">17</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>~<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>变差值</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">22</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">22</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">17</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">26</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>~</FONT><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">10<BR></FONT>变差值</FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">17</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">21</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">23</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">18</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD align=middle><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman">16</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></FONT></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></CENTER>
<P>
<TABLE width="90%" border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD><STRONG>
<P align=left><BR><FONT size=2>三、用两次触测法剔除换向回位误差<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">e</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB></FONT></P>
<P align=left></STRONG><FONT size=2>  由于触发式测头的结构特点及换向回位误差<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">e</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>的影响,采用不同的测量方式和标定方法,测头的使用精度也不同。要提高测头的使用精度,必须准确测出<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">e</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>值,并采用合理的方法予以剔除。由于<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">e</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>是因触测方向改变引起的随机性固有误差,所以只能采用随机方式予以剔除,为此,我们提出一种两次触测法,即通过第一次触测消除换向前的回位位置,生成换向后的回位位置;然后通过第二次触测采集换向后的测量值。用此方法可保证随机地得到换向后触测方向上的<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">R</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>=<EM>δ</EM><SUB>φ</SUB><FONT face="Times New Roman">±<EM>e</EM></FONT><SUB>φ</SUB>值。<BR>  两次触测法的实现过程如下:通常,无论是用测头测量曲面还是用标准圆球等标定测头,触测方向都是依次改变的,即对应有各自不同的回位位置,如图<FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT>所示的<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>O</EM><SUB>i</FONT>-<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></SUB><FONT size=2>,<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>O</EM><SUB>i</SUB></FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>O</EM><SUB>i</FONT>+<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></SUB><FONT size=2>,…等。假定触测力<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">F</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>由<EM>φ</EM><SUB><FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT>-<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SUB>方向换到<EM>φ</EM><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SUB>i</SUB></FONT>方向进行触测,换向前测头的回位位置为<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>O</EM><SUB>i</FONT>-<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></SUB><FONT size=2>,换向后未触测前,回位位置仍为<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>O</EM><SUB>i</FONT>-<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></SUB><FONT size=2>,即此位置成为换向后第一次触测取值的参考回位位置;经第一次触测后,生成了换向后的回位位置<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>O</EM><SUB>i</SUB></FONT>,即第二次触测取值的参考回位位置。由图<FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT>还可看出,<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>O</EM><SUB>i</FONT>-<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></SUB><FONT size=2>和<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>O</EM><SUB>i</SUB></FONT>相对于测头检测参考中心<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">O</FONT></EM>的位置偏差是不同方向上的矢量值,二者在沿<EM>φ</EM><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SUB>i</SUB></FONT>触测方向构成的换向回位误差为<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">e</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>=<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>OO</EM><SUB>i</SUB></FONT>-<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">OG</FONT></EM>,即对于<EM>φ</EM><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SUB>i</SUB></FONT>触测方向,<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">G</FONT></EM>点与<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>O</EM><SUB>i</FONT>-<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></FONT></SUB><FONT size=2>位置是等效的,这是因为测球半径远大于回位误差变化量的缘故。利用这一特性,即可保证在第二次触测取值的同时,随机地得到不灵敏域误差值<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">R</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>=<EM>δ</EM><SUB>φ</SUB><FONT face="Times New Roman">±<EM>e</EM></FONT><SUB>φ</SUB>,通过标定剔除这一<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">R</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>值,则不但消除了<EM>δ</EM><SUB>φ</SUB>的影响,而且同时消除了<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">e</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>的影响,而换向后仅采用一次触测取值评定是无法消除<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">e</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>影响的。因此,采用两次触测法可显著提高测头的使用精度,尤其是触测发讯的重复性精度可提高约一倍。同理,当测头用于连续曲面的测量时,也需要在换向后进行两次触测处理,以提高测量精度。该方法对于其它换向触测机构也具有通用性。<BR>  清除<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">R</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>误差的具体方法,可借助软件或硬件,用手控或自动方式加以清除,如成都工具研究所研制的接口电箱,就配有数据采集随机清除器,可采用手控或自动方式清除<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">R</FONT></EM><SUB>φ</SUB>误差。</FONT></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></P>
               
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