焊接与切割概述
<FONT size=2>焊接是<SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman">通过加热或加压，或两者兼用，使焊件达到原子间结合并</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">形成永久接头的工艺过程</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman">。世界每年钢材消耗量的50%都有焊接工序的参与，</SPAN>在现代制造工业中，广泛应用于金属结构件的生产。例如桥梁、船体、车厢、容器等，都可采用焊接而成。<SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p> </SPAN></FONT> </o:p><P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px" align=left><o:p></o:p> </P><o:p></o:p>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px" align=center><IMG style="WIDTH: 350px; HEIGHT: 256px" height=1366 src="http://www.chmcw.com/upload/news/RCL/13220_xqsq9f2007620134738.jpg" width=1694> <IMG style="WIDTH: 361px; HEIGHT: 303px" height=435 src="http://www.chmcw.com/upload/news/RCL/13220_24pvqx2007620134846.jpg" width=423></P>
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<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px" align=left><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman"> 焊接可分为三大类：</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman">熔焊、压力焊</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-spacerun: yes">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman">钎焊。</SPAN></FONT> </P>
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<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px" align=left><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman"> 熔焊：将要焊接的工件局部加热至融化，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">冷凝后形成焊缝而使构件连接在一起的加工方法。<SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">包括电弧焊、气焊、电渣焊、电子束焊、激光焊等。熔焊是广泛采用的焊接方法，大多数的低碳钢、合金钢都采用熔焊方法焊接。特种熔焊还可以焊接陶瓷、玻璃等非金属。</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P align=center><IMG style="WIDTH: 361px; HEIGHT: 246px" height=1200 src="http://www.chmcw.com/upload/news/RCL/13220_dsq7kq2007620135029.jpg" width=1277> </P>
<P align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman"><FONT size=2><STRONG>手工电弧焊</STRONG></FONT></SPAN></P>
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<P align=center><STRONG>气焊</STRONG></P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"> 压力焊：</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体">焊</SPAN>接过程中必须要施加压力，可能加热也可能不加热才能完成的焊接。</FONT></SPAN><FONT size=2><SPAN style="mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">其加热的主要目的是为使金属软化，靠施加压力使金属塑变</SPAN>,<SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">让原子接近到相互稳固吸引的距离，这一点与熔焊时的加热有本质的不同。包括电阻焊、摩擦焊、超声波焊、冷压焊、爆炸焊、扩散焊、磁力焊。其特点是焊接变形小、</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">裂纹少、易实现自动化等特点。</SPAN></FONT> </P>
<P align=center><IMG style="WIDTH: 207px; HEIGHT: 478px" height=2120 src="http://www.chmcw.com/upload/news/RCL/13220_wyhhrh2007620135416.jpg" width=575><STRONG> <IMG src="http://www.chmcw.com/upload/news/RCL/13220_fpmlvo2007620135518.jpg"></STRONG></P>
<P align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><STRONG>电阻点焊</STRONG><STRONG>机 <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">超声波焊机</SPAN></STRONG></SPAN></P>
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<P align=center><STRONG>电阻对焊机</STRONG></P>
<P> 钎焊：将熔点比母材低的钎料加热至融化，但加热温度低于母材的熔点，用融化的钎料填充焊缝、润湿母材并与母材相互扩散形成一体的焊接方法。 </P>
<P> 钎焊分两大类： 硬钎焊和软钎焊。硬钎焊的加热温度大于450度，抗拉强度大于200 MPa ，经常用银基、铜基钎料，适于工作应力大，环境温度高的场合，比如硬质合金车刀、地质钻头的焊接。软钎焊的加热温度小于450度，抗拉强度小于70 MPa 适于应力小，工作温度低的环境。比如电路的锡基钎焊。</P>
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