关于提高水泥杆焊接质量有关问题的探讨
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">水泥杆子由于其价格经济、组装方便大量使用于线路建设,但受自身条件及野外环境的影响,水泥杆子的焊接质量一直得不到有效保证。如何提高水泥杆子的-焊接</A>质量,是目前急需解决的问题。本文从焊接材料的选用,工艺规范的制定、实施以及焊工的技术水平等多方面,详细分析了产生-焊接</A>缺陷的原因和相对应的解决办法。同时介绍了焊接质量检验的重要性和方法。保证了水泥杆子的焊接质量。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">水泥杆子的特点</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1.1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">水泥杆成本低、使用寿命长,组装方便,运行维护工作量小,被广泛用于输电线路和变电站。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1.2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">由于水泥杆重量大,焊缝的质量是关键,加之受野外施工现场环境影响大,质量检验手段单一,超声波探测不便随工检验,因此,对焊接质量难以把握。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1.3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">受野外环境影响,自动焊、半自动焊难以施展,一般都采用手弧焊或气焊操作,操作人员的技术直接影响焊接质量。因此对焊工的技术要求严格。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">影响焊接质量的因素</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">材料因素</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> 材料因素包括焊件本身和所使用的焊接材料,如电弧焊时的焊条;气焊时的焊丝等。它们在焊接时都参与熔池或半熔化区内的冶金过程,直接影响焊接质量。母材或焊接材料选用不当时,会造成焊缝金属化学成分不合格,机械性能和其它使用性能降低;还会出现气孔、裂纹等缺陷,会使结合性能变差。由此可见,正确选用焊件和焊接材料,是保证焊接质量良好的重要基础,必须十分重视。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">工艺因素</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> 对于同一焊件,当采用不同的焊接工艺方法和工艺措施时,所表现的焊接性也不同。焊接质量差异很大。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="30" Month="12" Year="1899"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.2.1</FONT></SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">-焊接</A>方法对焊接质量的影响,首先表现在焊接热源能量密度大小、温度高低以及热输入量多少。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="30" Month="12" Year="1899"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.2.2</FONT></SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">工艺措施对防止焊接接头缺陷,提高使用性能也有重要作用。如焊前预热、焊后缓冷和去氢处理等,它们对防止热影响区淬硬变脆,降低焊接应力,避免氢致冷裂纹是比较有效的措施。另外,如合理安排焊接顺序能减小应力变形。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">结构因素</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> 焊接接头的结构设计会影响应力状态,从而对焊接质量也发生影响。应使焊接接头处于刚度较小的状态,能够自由收缩,有利于防止焊接裂纹。缺口、截面突变、焊缝余高过大、交叉焊缝等都容易引起应力集中,要尽量避免。不必要地增大焊件厚度或焊缝体积,就会产生多向应力,也应注意防止。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">使用条件</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> 焊接结构的使用条件是多种多样的,有高温、低温下工作,腐蚀介质中工作及在静载或动载条件下工作等。当在高温工作时,可能产生蠕变;低温工作或冲击载荷工作时,容易发生脆性破坏;在腐蚀介质下工作时,接头要求具有耐腐蚀性。总之,使用条件越不利,焊接质量就越不容易保证。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">焊接变形</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> 焊接变形是焊接过程中不可避免的问题,它不但影响结构尺寸的准确和外形美观,而且有可能降低结构的承载能力。工件上出现了变形,就要花费许多工时去矫正。有时变形太大,甚至无法矫正,造成废品。因此掌握焊接变形的规律和控制焊接变形具有十分重要的意义。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">操作人员的素质</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> 手工电弧焊焊接质量很大程度上决定于焊工的技术水平。同一根焊条,不同的焊工所焊接的质量差异会很大,既就是同一个人,由于心情、环境等因素的影响,焊接质量也会有较大差别。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">提高水泥杆焊接质量的途径</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">材料的选用</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> 目前,水泥杆子的焊口钢圈普遍采用的钢材是</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Q-235</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">,我们一般选用</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">J422</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">焊条和</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">H08</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">或</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">H08A</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">焊丝。这种焊接材料对铁锈、油污和氧化皮敏感性小,抗气孔能力较强。特别适合受野外条件限制而无法清理干净焊口处的铁锈、油污和氧化皮等赃物的环境下作业。另外,该种焊丝成本低,焊接过程蒸发的有害气体少,有利于保障焊工的身体健康。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> 在选择所使用的焊条、焊丝等材料时,应辨识有无产品质量合格证,凡无质量合格证或对其质量有怀疑时,应按批号抽样检验,合格者方可使用。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">工艺的改进</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> 严格执行焊接操作工艺是每一个焊接施工人员和技术人员的根本职责,也是控制质量和安全的有效手段。技术人员应认真监督焊接工艺的执行。焊工必须按照工艺规范施工,未经焊接技术人员同意,任何人不得随意改变工艺。以防影响焊接质量。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="30" Month="12" Year="1899"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.2.1</FONT></SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">坡口准备</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> 一般水泥杆的坡口开成</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">V</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">型坡口,角度为</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">60~90</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">度即可。这种坡口形状上大下小,焊接时具有视野清楚,便于用条,容易焊透等优点。坡口及附近</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">20mm</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">左右的区域,用钢丝刷或砂纸打光,直至露出金属光泽。坡口钝边加工成</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2~3mm</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="30" Month="12" Year="1899"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.2.2</FONT></SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">定位焊</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> 水泥杆组装时,两段杆子轴线中心必须对正,杆口内外壁要齐平,避免产生错口现象。考虑到焊接时焊缝冷却收缩不均,所以使平焊位置的接口间隙大于仰焊位置的间隙</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1~2mm</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">。接口间隙为</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2~3mm</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">。定位焊</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3~4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">处为宜。定位焊缝长度</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">20~30mm</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">,余高约为</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3~5mm</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="30" Month="12" Year="1899"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.2.3</FONT></SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">焊接方法</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> 水泥杆子的焊接常从杆口底部的仰焊位置开始,分两半焊接。先焊的一半叫前半部,后焊的一半叫后半部。两半部焊接都按照仰</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">-</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">立</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">-</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">平的顺序进行,这样操作有利于熔化金属与熔渣很好的分离,焊缝成形较容易控制。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="30" Month="12" Year="1899"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.2.4</FONT></SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">焊接工艺参数</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> 对于手工电弧焊,选用</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">J422</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">直径</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">和</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4.0</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">的焊条。焊接电流选择:直径</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">的为</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">90~120A</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">,直径</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4.0</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">的为</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">140~160A</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">。整个焊缝一般分三层焊接,焊接时应力求使用短弧焊接。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> 对于气焊,选用</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">H08</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">或</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">H08A</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">直径</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4mm</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">的焊丝。焊炬选用</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">H01-20</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">型,使用</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">号或</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">号焊嘴。火焰性质选择中性焰。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">设计合理的焊接结构</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> 在多层焊接时,应使各层间的接头错开</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">20~30mm</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">以上,防止接头缺陷影响焊接质量。接头错口应控制在</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2~3mm</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">以内,错口尺寸过大将大大减小焊缝的有效承载截面。对大直径水泥杆子的焊接,有条件的可由俩焊工从两边同时焊接,而且中间最好不要停,以免加热温度不均匀造成的应力集中、变形甚至裂纹等缺陷。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">作业环境条件改善</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> 野外作业,环境复杂,给焊接工作造成很大的影响。在有风、小雨等天气焊接时,要对焊口采取遮风避雨措施,焊后应使焊缝缓冷。寒冷的冬季焊接还应焊前预热,焊后缓冷,以减少冷裂纹的产生。在野外作业环境,焊缝锈蚀不容忽视,所以焊接完毕要清理干净焊缝,以增加油漆的附着力。使用防风遮雨棚、石棉保温带等措施可降低野外作业环境对焊接质量的影响。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">焊接变形的预测和控制</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="30" Month="12" Year="1899"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.5.1</FONT></SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">预测焊接变形的简单方法:</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> 多年来各国学者和专家都对焊接变形的预测进行了大量研究。预测焊接变形的主要方法有热弹塑性法和残余塑变法。对于较复杂的三维焊接结构,热弹塑性法需要大容量的计算机和很长的运算时间,即使可能也是很不经济的。而残余塑变法则可以通过较少的计算解决大型复杂结构的焊接变形问题,具有很强的生命力。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> 残余塑变法认为焊后在焊缝及其近区存在的残余塑变是产生焊接变形和残余应力的根源,其中最主要的是沿焊缝的纵向残余塑性应变和垂直焊缝的横向残余塑性应变。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="30" Month="12" Year="1899"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.5.2</FONT></SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">控制焊接变形的主要措施</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="30" Month="12" Year="1899"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.5.2</FONT></SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">.1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">减少不必要的填充量。接头中焊缝金属的量越多收缩力越大,引起的变形越大。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="30" Month="12" Year="1899"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.5.2</FONT></SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">.2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">使用断续焊,选择合理焊接顺序减小变形。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="30" Month="12" Year="1899"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.5.2</FONT></SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">.3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">根据不同的要求决定多道焊的层数。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">www.hanjiexx.com</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">多道焊的焊道层数越多,每层选用的线能量越小,叠加后的塑变区越小,纵向变形越小。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="30" Month="12" Year="1899"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.5.2</FONT></SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">.4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">反变形法。根据生产中已经发生变形的规律,预先把焊件人为地制成一个变形,使这个变形与焊后发生的变形方向相反而数值相等,以达到防止产生残余变形。这种方法在实际生产中使用较广泛。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">提高操作人员技能</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> 电气焊属于特殊工种,所以每个焊工必须接受《焊接气割作业安全》和技术培训,通过考试合格,获取技术等级证书和安全培训合格证,才能持证上岗操作。有人把现代焊接比喻为</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">金属的裁缝</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">,没有好的裁缝,再好的原料也做不成漂亮的服装。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">焊接检验</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4.1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">焊接检验的重要性</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: ??; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> 焊接检验是保证焊接产品质量的重要措施。在焊接结构生产的过程中,每道工序都进行质量检验,是及时消除该工序可能产生
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