铸件充型凝固过程数值模拟
1 概述<BR><SPAN class=blk14> 欲获得健全的铸件,必先确定一套合理的工艺参数。数值模拟或称数值试验的目的,就是要通过对铸件充型凝固过程的数值计算,分析工艺参数对工艺实施结果的影响,便于技术人员对所设计的铸造工艺进行验证和优化,以及寻求工艺问题的尽快解决办法。</SPAN><BR><SPAN class=blk14> </SPAN><SPAN class=blk14>铸件充型凝固过程数值计算以铸件和铸型为计算域,包括熔融金属流动和传热数值计算,主要用于液态金属充填铸型过程;铸件铸型传热过程数值计算,主要用于铸件凝固过程;应力应变数值计算,用于铸件凝固和冷却过程;晶体形核和生长数值计算,主要用于金属铸件显微组织形成过程和铸件机械性能预测;传热传质传动量数值计算,主要用于大型铸件或凝固时间较长的铸件的凝固过程。数值计算可预测的缺陷主要是铸件形成过程中易发生的冷隔、卷气、缩孔、缩松、裂纹、偏析、晶粒粗大等等,另外可以通过数值计算,提出合理的铸造工艺参数,包括浇注温度、铸型温度、铸件凝固时间、打箱时间、冷却条件等等。目前,用于液态金属充填铸型过程的熔融金属流动和传热数值计算以及用于铸件凝固过程的铸件铸型传热过程数值计算已经比较成熟,逐渐为铸造厂家在实际生产中采用,下面主要介绍这两种数值试验方法。</SPAN><BR><SPAN class=blk14> </SPAN><SPAN class=blk14b>1.1 数学模型</SPAN><BR><SPAN class=blk14> </SPAN><SPAN class=blk14>熔融金属充型与凝固过程为高温流体于复杂几何型腔内作有阻碍和带有自由表面的流动及向铸型和空气的传热过程。该物理过程遵循质量守恒、动量守恒和能量守恒定律,假设液态金属为常密度不可压缩的粘性流体,并忽略湍流作用,则可以采用连续、动量、体积函数和能量方程组描述这一过程。</SPAN><BR><TABLE class=table1 width="100%" border=0>
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<TD width="100%"><SPAN class=blk18b><SPAN class=blk14> 质量守恒方程</SPAN></SPAN></TD></TR>
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<DIV align=center><SPAN class=MsoList2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I> u</SPAN><SUB><SPAN> </SPAN></SUB>/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I> x</SPAN></I>+</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I> v<SUB> </SUB></SPAN></I>/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I> y</SPAN></I>+</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I> w</SPAN></I><SUB><SPAN> </SPAN></SUB>/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I> z</SPAN></I>= 0 (2-1)</SPAN></SPAN></DIV></I></TD></TR>
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<TD><SPAN class=blk14>动量守恒方程</SPAN></TD></TR>
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<P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><SPAN>(</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''UniversalMath1 BT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"><SPAN>r</SPAN></SPAN></I><I> u</SPAN></I><SPAN>)/</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I> t</SPAN></I>+<I>u</I></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><SPAN>(</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''UniversalMath1 BT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"><SPAN>r</SPAN></SPAN></I><I> u</SPAN></I><SPAN>)/</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I> x</SPAN></I>+</SPAN><I>v</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><SPAN>(</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''UniversalMath1 BT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"><SPAN>r</SPAN></SPAN></I><I> u</SPAN></I><SPAN>)/</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I> y</SPAN></I>+</SPAN><I>w</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><SPAN>(</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''UniversalMath1 BT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"><SPAN>r</SPAN></SPAN></I><I> u</SPAN></I><SPAN>)/</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN> </SPAN><I>z</SPAN></I></P>
<P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center> = -</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I> p</SPAN></I>/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I> x</SPAN></I>+</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''UniversalMath1 BT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"><SPAN>m</SPAN></SPAN></I><I> </SPAN></I>(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN> <SUP>2</SUP></SPAN><I>u</SPAN></I><SUB> </SPAN></SUB>/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I> x</SPAN></I><SUP>2</SPAN></SUP>+</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN> <SUP>2</SUP></SPAN><I>v</SPAN></I><SUB> </SPAN></SUB>/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN> </SPAN><I>y</SPAN></I><SUP>2</SPAN></SUP>+</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><SUP> 2</SPAN></SUP><I>w</SPAN></I><SUB><SPAN> </SPAN></SUB>/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I> z</SPAN></I><SUP><SPAN>2</SPAN></SUP>)</SPAN><I>+</SPAN></I><I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''UniversalMath1 BT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"><SPAN>r</SPAN></SPAN></I><I> g<SUB>x</SUB></SPAN></I> (2-2a)</SPAN></P></TD></TR>
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<P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><SPAN>(</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''UniversalMath1 BT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"><SPAN>r</SPAN></SPAN></I><I> v</SPAN></I><SPAN>)/</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I> t</SPAN></I>+</SPAN><I>u</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><SPAN>(</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''UniversalMath1 BT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"><SPAN>r</SPAN></SPAN></I><I> v</SPAN></I><SPAN>)/</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I> x</SPAN></I>+</SPAN><I>v</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><SPAN>(</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''UniversalMath1 BT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"><SPAN>r</SPAN></SPAN></I><I> v</SPAN></I><SPAN>)/</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I> y</SPAN></I>+</SPAN><I>w</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><SPAN>(</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''UniversalMath1 BT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"><SPAN>r</SPAN></SPAN></I><I> v</SPAN></I><SPAN>)/</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN> </SPAN><I>z</SPAN></I></P>
<P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char" align=center><I> </SPAN></I>= -</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I> p</SPAN></I>/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN> </SPAN><I>y</SPAN></I>+</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''UniversalMath1 BT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"><SPAN>m</SPAN></SPAN></I> (</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN> <SUP>2</SUP></SPAN><I>u</SPAN></I><SUB> </SPAN></SUB>/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN> </SPAN><I>x</SPAN></I><SUP>2</SPAN></SUP>+</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN> <SUP>2</SUP></SPAN><I>v</SPAN></I><SUB> </SPAN></SUB>/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN> </SPAN><I>y</SPAN></I><SUP>2</SPAN></SUP>+</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><SUP> 2</SPAN></SUP><I>w</SPAN></I><SUB><SPAN> </SPAN></SUB>/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I> z</SPAN></I><SUP><SPAN>2</SPAN></SUP>)+</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''UniversalMath1 BT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"><SPAN>r</SPAN></SPAN></I><I> g<SUB>y</SUB></SPAN></I> (2-2b)</SPAN></P></TD></TR>
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<TD>
<P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><SPAN>(</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''UniversalMath1 BT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"><SPAN>r</SPAN></SPAN></I><I> w</SPAN></I><SPAN>)/</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I> t</SPAN></I>+</SPAN><I>u</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><SPAN>(</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''UniversalMath1 BT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"><SPAN>r</SPAN></SPAN></I><I> w</SPAN></I><SPAN>)/</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN> </SPAN><I>x</SPAN></I>+</SPAN><I>v</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><SPAN>(</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''UniversalMath1 BT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"><SPAN>r</SPAN></SPAN></I><I> w</SPAN></I><SPAN>)/</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I> y</SPAN></I>+</SPAN><I>w</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><SPAN>(</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''UniversalMath1 BT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"><SPAN>r</SPAN></SPAN></I><I> w</SPAN></I><SPAN>)/</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I> z</SPAN></I></P>
<P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><I> </SPAN></I>= -</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I> p</SPAN></I>/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN> </SPAN><I>z</SPAN></I>+</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''UniversalMath1 BT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"><SPAN>m</SPAN></SPAN></I> (</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN> <SUP>2</SUP></SPAN><I>u</SPAN></I><SUB> </SPAN></SUB>/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I> x</SPAN></I><SUP>2</SPAN></SUP>+</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN> <SUP>2</SUP></SPAN><I>v</SPAN></I><SUB> </SPAN></SUB>/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I> y</SPAN></I><SUP>2</SPAN></SUP>+</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><SUP> 2</SPAN></SUP><I>w</SPAN></I><SUB><SPAN> </SPAN></SUB>/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN> </SPAN><I>z</SPAN></I><SUP>2</SPAN></SUP>)+</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''UniversalMath1 BT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"><SPAN>r</SPAN></SPAN></I><I> g<SUB>z</SUB></SPAN></I> (2-2c)</SPAN></P></TD></TR>
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<TD><SPAN class=blk14>体积函数方程</SPAN></TD></TR>
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<DIV align=center><SPAN class=MsoList2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I>F</SPAN>/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I> t</SPAN></I>+</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><SPAN>(</SPAN><I>Fu</SPAN></I><SPAN>)/</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I> x</SPAN></I>+</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><SPAN>(</SPAN><I>Fv</SPAN></I><SPAN>)/</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN> </SPAN><I>y </SPAN></I>+</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><SPAN>(</SPAN><I>Fw</SPAN></I><SPAN>)/</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN> </SPAN><I>z</SPAN></I>= 0 </SPAN> (2-3)</SPAN></SPAN></DIV></I></TD></TR>
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<TD><SPAN class=blk14>能量守恒方程</SPAN></TD></TR>
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<TD>
<H1 style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt">(</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''UniversalMath1 BT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"><SPAN>r</SPAN></SPAN></I><I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''">c<SUB>p</SUB>T</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''">/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"> </SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''">t</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''">+</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt">(</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''UniversalMath1 BT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"><SPAN>r</SPAN></SPAN></I><I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"> c<SUB>p</SUB>uT</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''">/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"> </SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''">x</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''">+</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt">(</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''UniversalMath1 BT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"><SPAN>r</SPAN></SPAN></I><I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"> c<SUB>p</SUB>vT</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''">/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"> y </SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''">+</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt">(</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''UniversalMath1 BT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"><SPAN>r</SPAN></SPAN></I><I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"> c<SUB>p</SUB>wT</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''">/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"> z</SPAN></I></H1>
<H1 style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"> </SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"> = </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt">(</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''UniversalMath1 BT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"><SPAN>l</SPAN></SPAN></I><I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''">T</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''">/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"> </SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''">x</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''">/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"> </SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''">x</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''">+</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt">(</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''UniversalMath1 BT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"><SPAN>l</SPAN></SPAN></I><I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''">T</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''">/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"> y</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''">/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"> y </SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''">+</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt">(</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''UniversalMath1 BT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"><SPAN>l</SPAN></SPAN></I><I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''">T</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''">/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"> z</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''">/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol">¶</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"> z </SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''">+</SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''">q<SUB>v</SUB></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Times New Roman''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"> (2-4)</SPAN></H1></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD align=left>
<P class=12zi> </P>
<P class=12zi>|||</P>
<P class=12zi> 式中 <I>u</I>,<I>v</I>,<I>w —— x</I>,<I>y</I>,<I>z </I>方向速度分量(m/s);<I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''UniversalMath1 BT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"><SPAN>r</SPAN></SPAN> —— </SPAN></I><SPAN>金属液密度(kg/m<SUP>3</SUP>);</SPAN><I>t —— </SPAN></I><SPAN>时间(s);</SPAN><I>p —— </I>金属液体内压力(Pa);<SPAN class=12zi>μ —— </SPAN><SPAN>金属液分子动力粘度(Pa</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=12zi style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''UniversalMath1 BT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"><SPAN>.</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=12zi>s);</SPAN><I>g<SUB>x, </SUB>g<SUB>y</SUB></SPAN></I>, <I>g<SUB>z </SUB>—— x</I>,<I>y</I>,<I>z </I>方向重力加速度(m/s<SUP>2</SUP>);</SPAN><SPAN class=12zi>F —— </SPAN><SPAN>体积函数,0</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=12zi style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''UniversalMath1 BT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"><SPAN>£</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=12zi><I>F</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''UniversalMath1 BT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"><SPAN>£</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=12zi>1</SPAN><SPAN class=12zi>;</SPAN><SPAN class=12zi>c<SUB>p </SUB>——</SPAN><SPAN> 金属液比定压热容;</SPAN><I>T —— </SPAN></I><SPAN>金属液温度(K);</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=12zi>λ —— </SPAN><SPAN>金属液热导率;</SPAN><SPAN class=12zi>q<SUB> </SUB>—— </SPAN><SPAN>热源项<SPAN>。</SPAN></P></I></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P class=blk18b style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left" align=left><SPAN class=blk14b> 1.2 实体造型和网格剖分</SPAN><BR> <SPAN class=blk14>欲进行三维充型凝固过程数值模拟,首先需要铸件的几何信息,具体地说是要根据二维铸件图形成三维铸件实体,然后再对铸件实体进行三维网格划分以得到计算所需的网格单元几何信息。 <BR> 利用市场上成熟的造型软件(如UG,ProE, Solid-Edge, AutoCAD等)进行铸件铸型实体造型,然后读取实体造型后产生的几何信息文件(如STL文件),编制程序对实体造型铸件进行自动划分,这种方法可以大大缩短几何条件准备时间。剖分后的网格信息包括单元尺寸和单元材质标识。</SPAN>
<DIV class=blk14b align=left> 1.3 数值计算方法<BR> <SPAN class=blk14>用于铸件充型凝固过程数值计算的方法主要有3种:有限差分法、控制容积法(又称有限体积法)和有限元法,后两种方法采用的较少,目前在铸造市场上推广的一些数值模拟软件大部分采用的是有限差分法。以有限差分法为例,方程(2—1)的离散采用中心差分方法,方程(2—2)和(2—4)的离散采用上风方案和中心差分方案相结合的方法。<BR> 充型过程中液态金属自由表面是不断变化的,每个时间步长对应的计算域均不相同,新的计算域的确定是通过求解方程(2-3)得到的。普通的数值方法在离散方程(2—3)时将造成很大的假扩散问题,计算结果将出现界面模糊(Smearing)现象,在 <I>F</I>=1 与 <I>F</I>=0 之间存在大量自由表面单元。为了得到清晰的自由表面,美国的科研人员发展了一种VOF(Volume of Fluid)方法,较好地处理了流体流动过程的自由表面计算问题。目前在计算流体力学领域已经在VOF方法的基础上开发了一些更准确的方法,可以获得更精确的流体流动过程自由表面变化。<BR> 充型凝固过程数值计算步骤如下: </SPAN><SPAN class=blk14><BR> 1) 将铸件和铸型作为计算域,进行实体造型、剖分和单元标识。<BR> 2) 给出初始条件、边界条件和金属、铸型的物性参数。<BR> 3) 求解体积函数方程得到新时刻流体流动计算域。<BR> 4) 求解连续性方程和动量方程,得到新时刻计算域内流体速度场和压力场。<BR> 5) 求解能量方程,得到铸件和铸型的温度场及液态金属固相分数场。<BR> 6) 增加一个时间步长,重复3)~6)步至充型完毕。<BR> 7) 计算域内流体流动速度置零,调整时间步长。<BR> 8) 将充型完毕时计算得到的铸件和铸型温度场作为初始温度条件,求解能量方程至铸件凝固完毕。<BR> 9) 计算结果后处理,进行铸造工艺分析、铸件缺陷预报和工艺参数优化工作。</SPAN> <BR> 1.4 应用实例<BR> <SPAN class=blk14>下面给出一个利用ZCAST软件对低压铸造铝合金轮毂铸件的铸造工艺参数进行优化的实例。 </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=blk14> <SPAN class=blk14>在轮毂铸件低压铸造过程中,自动控制模具温度对防止产生缩孔缩松缺陷、组织粗大以及生产周期延长很重要。在金属型模具设计中模拟计算和水冷控制器可以作为一种重要的工具。通过模拟循环过程中轮毂铸件的流动和凝固设计合理的冷却系统。通过使用水冷控制器控制模具的热量散失或积聚。在铸造厂家的低压铸造轮毂铸件生产线上通过减少循环时间和铸造缺陷可以提高生产率。<BR> </SPAN></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV class=blk14b align=left><SPAN class=blk14><SPAN class=blk14>|||</SPAN></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV class=blk14b align=left><SPAN class=blk14><SPAN class=blk14> 模拟计算步骤如图2-1所示。首先进行前处理,前处理的主要工作是计算域内铸件铸型的3维实体造型,然后在ZCAST软件中导入实体造型文件,输入计算边界条件,包括入流边界、初始温度、热电偶位置设置等。</SPAN><BR></DIV>
<P class=blk14b align=center><IMG height=357 src="http://www.chmcw.com/upload/news/RCL/13220_7aaeh6image002.gif" width=553 v:shapes="_x0000_i1025"> </P>
<P class=style1 style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>图2-1 数值计算过程</P>
<P class=blk14 style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%" align=left> 前处理完毕之后开始数值模拟计算,包括一个循环当中的合型和开型过程,合型过程考虑充型和凝固,开型过程只考虑铸型型腔的传热。数值模拟计算部分可以考虑多个循环过程,以便于观察生产过程是否稳定。</P>
<P class=blk14 style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%" align=left> 模拟计算完成后是后处理过程,主要是对模拟计算结果进行可视化分析,对铸造工艺参数进行调整。</P>
<P class=blk14b style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><IMG height=212 src="http://www.chmcw.com/upload/news/RCL/13220_wngz0kimage004.jpg" width=414 v:shapes="_x0000_i1026"> </P>
<P class=style1 style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>图2-2 试验设备,TC为热电偶位置</P>
<P class=blk14 style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify" align=left> 图2-2为试验设备,包括冷却水供给系统、多通道温度采集系统(图左)、低压铸造设备和铸型(图右)。</P>
<P class=blk14b style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><IMG height=264 src="http://www.chmcw.com/upload/news/RCL/13220_fnkrftimage006.jpg" width=460 v:shapes="_x0000_i1027"> </P>
<P class=style1 style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>(a) (b)</P>
<P class=style1 style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center> 图2-3 实体造型和剖分,实体造型中包括铸件、浇注系统、铸型和冷却通道。TC为热电偶位置。</P>
<P class=blk14 style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%" align=left> 图2-3(a)为计算域内实体造型结果,图2-3(b)为计算域内网格剖分结果。表2-1列出了模拟计算条件。界面换热系数(cal/cm<SUP>2</SUP>×sec×°C):铸件/铸型为0.03,铸型/空气为0.004,液态金属动力粘度为0.1Pa×s。</P>
<P class=style1 style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>表2-1 模拟计算中用到的物理参数</P>
<DIV class=blk14b align=left>
<TABLE class=table1 borderColor=#b5dba2 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=1>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=top width="11%">
<P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>材料</P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="11%">
<P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>密度<BR>g/cm<SUP>3</SUP></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="11%">
<P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>比热容<BR>cal/g×°C</P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="11%">
<P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>热导率<BR>W/m×°C</P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="11%">
<P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>潜热<BR>cal/g</P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="11%">
<P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>液相线<BR>°C</P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="11%">
<P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>固相线<BR>°C</P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="11%">
<P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>初始温度<BR>°C</P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="12%">
<P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>环境温度<BR>°C</P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=top width="11%">
<P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>金属</P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="11%">
<P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>2.69</P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="11%">
<P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>0.23</P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="11%">
<P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>0.34</P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="11%">
<P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>93</P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="11%">
<P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>620</P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="11%">
<P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>577</P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="11%">
<P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>740</P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="12%">
<P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>-</P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=top width="11%">
<P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>铸型</P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="11%">
<P style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center"
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