金属零件切削加工缺陷与失效之——零件已加工表面的缺陷及原因
<h2 style=\"margin:auto 0cm\"><font face=\"宋体\">金属零件切削加工缺陷与失效之——零件已加工表面的缺陷及原因</font></h2><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;text-indent:24pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0\"><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\" size=\"3\">零件已加工表面的缺陷主要有:表面粗糙度高、表面加工硬化和表面残余应力等三种形式。</font></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin:0cm 0cm 0pt\"><font size=\"3\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> </span><strong><span style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\">1</span></strong></span><strong><span style=\"font-family:宋体;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\">、零件表面粗糙度的增加</span></strong><span lang=\"EN-US\"><p></p></span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin:0cm 0cm 0pt\"><font size=\"3\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> </span></span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">已加工零件表面粗糙度增加的缺陷有表面粗糙、积屑瘤、鳞刺和变形等。</font></span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin:0cm 0cm 0pt\"><font size=\"3\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> </span></span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">(</font></span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\">1</span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">)积屑瘤</font></span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> </span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\">用中等或较低的切削速度加工钢和其他塑性金属时,有时会发现一小块金属牢固的粘附在靠近刀刃的前刀面上,这就是积屑瘤(也称为刀瘤)。它对切削过程和已加工表面质量有显著的影响。一方面当积屑瘤处于稳定期时,可代替刀刃进行切削,在客观上起到保护刀刃的作用,在一定程度上减少了刀具的磨损,对粗加工有一定的好处。但由于积屑瘤相当一个圆钝的刃口,会沿切削方向刻划出一些深浅、宽窄不同的纵向沟纹;当积</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-bidi-font-family:宋体\"><a href=\"http://www.hj9411.com/\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">屑瘤</span></span></a></span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\">分裂时,一部分被刀面挤压在已加工表面上形成毛刺,影响加工尺寸及表面粗糙度,使表面粗糙度增加。因此,在精加工时,应尽量避免产生积屑瘤。</span></font></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin:0cm 0cm 0pt\"><font size=\"3\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> </span></span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">(</font></span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\">2</span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">)鳞刺</font></span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> </span></span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">在用较低或中等切削速度切削塑性金属时,在已加工表面上往往出现鳞状的毛刺。这就是鳞刺。鳞刺的存在将使表面粗糙度恶化。</font></span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin:0cm 0cm 0pt\"><font size=\"3\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> </span></span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">鳞刺的典型形成过程可以分为四个阶段:</font></span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin:0cm 0cm 0pt\"><font size=\"3\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> </span></span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">第一阶段——抹拭阶段.当切屑沿前刀刃面流出时,切屑以刚切离的新鲜表面抹试刀屑摩擦面,使前刀面与切屑的实际接触面积增大。</font></span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin:0cm 0cm 0pt\"><font size=\"3\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> </span></span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">第二阶段——开裂阶段,刀—屑接触面在巨大压力作用下,使切屑与前刀面发生焊接和附着现象,切屑便停留在前刀面上,不再沿前刀面流出。由于刀具仍在相对工件运动,于是在刀刃前下方,切削层与已加工表面之间出现裂口。此阶段历时比第一阶段短。</font></span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin:0cm 0cm 0pt\"><font size=\"3\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> </span></span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">第三阶段一层积阶段,由于刀具相对工件连续运动,停留在前刀面上的金属便不断挤压切削层金属,受到挤压的金属便逐层的积聚、停留在前刀面的金属上,裂口逐渐扩大,同时实际切削厚度也逐渐增加。</font></span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;text-indent:21.75pt\"><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\" size=\"3\">第四阶段——切成阶段,由于实际的切削速度逐渐增大,切削力也逐渐增大,推动切屑沿前刀面流动的分力也逐渐增大。当层积金属达到一定厚度,推动切屑的分力超过切屑与前刀面之间附着力时,切屑便重新沿前刀面流出,同时刀刃切出鳞刺顶部。在鳞刺形:成前的层积阶段,层积金属与切屑金属相互连接并无分离现象,而积屑瘤和切屑间却是相互分离的两部分。这就是鳞刺形成过程中层积阶段与积屑瘤的主要区别。</font></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin:0cm 0cm 0pt\"><font size=\"3\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> </span></span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">鳞刺的产生会使表面质量恶化,粗糙度担高</font></span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\">2~4</span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">级.进而引起切削加工的失效。</font></span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin:0cm 0cm 0pt\"><font size=\"3\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> </span></span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">(</font></span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\">3</span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">)表面变形</font></span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> </span></span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">当挤裂的切悄和单元屑周期性断裂时,在已加工表面上留下挤裂的痕迹面呈波浪形。表面变形会引起过切等缺陷,使表面粗糙度增大。</font></span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin:0cm 0cm 0pt\"><font size=\"3\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> </span></span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">(</font></span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\">4</span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">)刀具边界磨损</font></span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> </span></span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">它是指副刀刃形成的槽形边界磨损。在已加工表面上形成锯齿状的凸出部分,从而增大了表面粗糙度。</font></span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin:0cm 0cm 0pt\"><font size=\"3\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> </span><strong><span style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\">2</span></strong></span><strong><span style=\"font-family:宋体;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\">、金属切削过程的表面加工硬化</span></strong><span lang=\"EN-US\"><p></p></span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin:0cm 0cm 0pt\"><font size=\"3\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> </span></span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">金属经过冷加工后,强变。硬度都要提高,而塑性下降,这种现象叫冷加工硬化。金属性能的这一变化是由金属材料在加工过程中的塑性变形造成的。在金属切削过程中,被切金属在刀具的作用下产生很大的塑些变形。因而.冷加工硬化现象是严重存在的。</font></span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin:0cm 0cm 0pt\"><font size=\"3\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> </span></span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">(</font></span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\">1</span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">)冷加工硬化的规律</font></span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> </span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\">因为切屑层在金属变为</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-bidi-font-family:宋体\"><a href=\"http://www.hj9411.com/\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">切屑</span></span></a></span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\">的过程中,发生了很大的塑性变形。切屑的硬度比被切金属的原始硬度有了很大的提高。塑性变形越大,硬化程度越高。切屑继续变形的能力越差,也就越容易折断。</span></font></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin:0cm 0cm 0pt\"><font size=\"3\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> </span></span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">切屑底层的金属除了基本变形外,还要发生摩擦变形。因此,切屑底层与切屑其他部分相比,硬度要高一些。</font></span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin:0cm 0cm 0pt\"><font size=\"3\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> </span></span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">在切削过程中,已加工表面了将发生塑性变形,因而在已加工表面以下的一定深度范围内也会出现冷加工硬化现象。</font></span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin:0cm 0cm 0pt\"><font size=\"3\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> </span></span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">(</font></span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\">2</span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">)冷加工硬化对表面质量的影响</font></span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> </span></span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">已加工表面的冷硬现象除给下一工序的加工造成困难,增加刀具的磨损外,更重要的是影响零件的表面质量。冷加工硬化现象往往是与表面的残余应力和微裂纹同时出现的。使零件表层材料性能降低。所以,在零件的最后加工尤其是精加工时,减少冷硬现象的影响是不可忽略的一个方面。</font></span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin:0cm 0cm 0pt\"><font size=\"3\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> </span><strong><span style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\">3</span></strong></span><strong><span style=\"font-family:宋体;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\">、残余应力</span></strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> </span></span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">零件表层的残余立力主要是由切削力、塑性变形、切削热所造成的,有时表层金属在切削过程中鼓罐变迄会产生残余应力。</font></span></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin:0cm 0cm 0pt\"><font size=\"3\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> </span></span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">(</font></span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\">1</span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">)残余应力的形成原因</font></span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> </span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\">由切削力及塑性变形造成的残余应力产生的原因是切削层金属在与基体分离时,刀刃前金属受到拉伸,分离后有厚度为△<em><span style=\"font-family:宋体;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-bidi-font-style:normal\">α</span></em>的一薄层金属受到刃口圆弧的挤压作用,已加工表面在最后形成前,受到后刀面的挤压和摩擦,后刀面的磨损和已加工表面金属的弹性恢复又将使挤压和</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-bidi-font-family:宋体\"><a href=\"http://www.hj9411.com/\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">摩擦</span></span></a></span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\">的范围加大,导致已加工表面金属产生拉应力,并产生塑性变形。一般表层形成残余压应力,内层仍为残余拉应力。切削热造成的残余应力的产生原因是已加工表面上任何一点的受热和冷却过程是在极短的瞬间内进行的,可以说是一种热冲击。在热冲击作用下。表面主于受热而体积膨胀,产生残余压应力,内层则产生拉应力。切削后,表层金属散热速度咬于内层又使表层产生了拉应力,即使在工件冷却到室温时,表层仍存在残余拉应力。相变引起残余应力的原因是加工表面在受热和冷却过程中伴有相变,则将有相变应力产生。</span></font></font></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin:0cm 0cm 0pt\"><font size=\"3\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> </span></span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">(</font></span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\">2</span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">)残余应力对已加工表面的影响</font></span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> </span></span><span style=\"mso-ascii-font-family:\'times new roman\';mso-hansi-font-family:\'times new roman\'\"><font face=\"宋体\">表面残余应力直接影响着加工表面的疲劳强度。由于残余应力的存在,表面产生细微裂纹的可能性增大,使已加工表面容易产生疲劳破坏。另外,由于残余应力的存在。使加工尺寸不稳定或超差。</font></span></font></p>
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